Primary adipsia and severe hypernatremia in a Pit Bull dog / Adipsia primária e hipernatremia severa em um cão Pit Bull

Primary adipsia is a rare condition in which there is failure in the activation threshold of the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, leading to osmolality imbalance. Here, we reported the case of a Pit Bull dog with an altered level of consciousness (started after weaning) and adipsia. There was an increase in plasma osmolality (444 mOsm/kg), sodium (223.7 mg/dL), and chlorine (173 mg/dL) levels. Based on the suspicion of primary adipsia, water was administered via a nasogastric tube, with clinical improvement. The owner was instructed to supply water with food. Eight months after discharge, the dog returned with parvovirus and died. In the anatomopathological examination, no structural changes were observed in the central nervous system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypernatremia due to adipsia in a Pit Bull dog, showing that this is a differential diagnosis that should be considered in this breed.

Adipsia primária é uma rara condição em que há falha no limiar de ativação dos osmoreceptores hipotalâmicos, levando ao desequilíbrio da osmolalidade. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um cão da raça Pit Bull apresentando alteração no nível de consciência (iniciado após o desmame) e adipsia. Foi verificado aumento da osmolalidade plasmática (444 mOsm/kg), sódio (223,7 mg/dL) e cloro (173 mg/dL). Baseado na suspeita de adipsia primária, iniciou-se administração de água via sonda nasogástrica, com melhora clínica. O tutor foi orientado a fornecer água junto a alimentação. Oito meses após alta, o paciente retornou com parvovirose e veio a óbito. No exame anatomopatológico, não foram observadas alterações estruturais no sistema nervoso central. Este é o primeiro relato de hipernatremia por adipsia em um cão Pit Bull, mostrando que este é um diagnóstico diferencial que deve ser considerado nesta raça.

Can detomidine replace medetomidine for pharmacological semen collection in domestic cats?

Among the different methods used for semen collection from domestic cats, the pharmacological collection by urethral catheterization becomes disruptive. Medetomidine is the elected α2-adrenoceptor agonist for that, but in several countries, it is not commercially available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of detomidine compared to medetomidine in collecting semen by urethral catheterization in domestic cats. Urethral catheterization was performed on 13 mongrel cats using a disposable semi-rigid tomcat urinary catheter. Of the 19 semen collections performed with medetomidine induction, 94.7% were successful, while with detomidine induction, only 56.3% of 16 were successful. The values semen samples variables were as follows for volume - 10.56 ± 0.4 vs 8.88 ± 0.5 mL, motility - 171.67 ± 0.79 vs 49.77 ± 3.45%, vigor - 4.1 ± 0.03 vs 3.10 ± 0.1 and concentration - 3.24 ± 0.19 vs 2.15 ± 0.13 ×109 sperm/mL respectively for medetomidine and detomidine group. The failure in semen collections with detomidine was mainly due to azoospermic samples, poor urethral relaxation, insufficient volume, or contamination of urine. The sperm concentration was also lower in the detomidine group (P <0.05) when compared to medetomidine. However, when the volume of semen collected was compared, we found no statistical differences. Despite its low performance in collecting semen from cats, detomidine may be an alternative when medetomidine is not accessible.

Effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves.

PURPOSE: To assess the hemodynamic changes and bispectral index (BIS) following administration of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. METHODS: Eight calves weighing 110 ± 12 kg were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane in O2 delivered via face mask and maintained with end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. IPPV was set to a peak inspiratory airway pressure of 15 cmH2O and respiratory rate of six breaths minute-1. Forty minutes after the start of anesthetic maintenance, 0.1 mg kg-1butorphanol was administered intravenously, followed by a CRI of 20 µg kg-1 minute-1. Hemodynamic variables and BIS were recorded before butorphanol administration (T0), and at 10, 20, 40 and 80 minutes following the CRI. Anesthesia was discontinued after the last recording and the calves were allowed to recover. The time to sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the moments in all hemodynamic variables and BIS. The time to SRE and ST was 9 ± 5 and 14 ± 7 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The continuous rate infusion did not produce clinically relevant changes in hemodynamic or bispectral index values compared to baseline in mechanically ventilated and unstimulated calves anesthetized at 1.4% isoflurane.

Effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves

PURPOSE: To assess the hemodynamic changes and bispectral index (BIS) following administration of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. METHODS: Eight calves weighing 110 ± 12 kg were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane in O2 delivered via face mask and maintained with end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. IPPV was set to a peak inspiratory airway pressure of 15 cmH2O and respiratory rate of six breaths minute-1. Forty minutes after the start of anesthetic maintenance, 0.1 mg kg-1butorphanol was administered intravenously, followed by a CRI of 20 µg kg-1 minute-1. Hemodynamic variables and BIS were recorded before butorphanol administration (T0), and at 10, 20, 40 and 80 minutes following the CRI. Anesthesia was discontinued after the last recording and the calves were allowed to recover. The time to sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the moments in all hemodynamic variables and BIS. The time to SRE and ST was 9 ± 5 and 14 ± 7 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The continuous rate infusion did not produce clinically relevant changes in hemodynamic or bispectral index values compared to baseline in mechanically ventilated and unstimulated calves anesthetized at 1.4% isoflurane. .

Effects of epidural nalbuphine on intraoperative isoflurane and postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs.

PURPOSE: To measure the change in the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (EtISO) associated with epidural nalbuphine and the postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs after ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Twenty four healthy female dogs were randomly assigned to receive saline or nalbuphine at 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg (n=8 for each group) administered via lumbosacral epidural catheter introduced cranially into the epidural canal. Changes in heart and respiratory rates and arterial blood pressure during surgery were recorded along with the corresponding EtISO. Immediately after tracheal extubation, analgesia, sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were measured at predetermined intervals and every 60 min thereafter until the first rescue analgesic. RESULTS: A significant decrease in EtISO was associated with epidural nalbuphine at 0.3 mg/kg (26.3%) and 0.6 mg/kg (38.4%) but not with saline in ovariohysterectomized dogs. In the postoperative period, VAS and Colorado analgesic scores were lower for the dogs that received the higher nalbuphine dose, which only required supplemental analgesia 10 h following its administration, compared with dogs that received the lower dose. CONCLUSION: Epidural nalbuphine significantly reduces the intra-operative isoflurane requirement and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Effects of epidural nalbuphine on intraoperative isoflurane and postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs

To measure the change in the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (EtISO) associated with epidural nalbuphine and the postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs after ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Twenty four healthy female dogs were randomly assigned to receive saline or nalbuphine at 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg (n=8 for each group) administered via lumbosacral epidural catheter introduced cranially into the epidural canal. Changes in heart and respiratory rates and arterial blood pressure during surgery were recorded along with the corresponding EtISO. Immediately after tracheal extubation, analgesia, sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were measured at predetermined intervals and every 60 min thereafter until the first rescue analgesic. RESULTS: A significant decrease in EtISO was associated with epidural nalbuphine at 0.3 mg/kg (26.3%) and 0.6 mg/kg (38.4%) but not with saline in ovariohysterectomized dogs. In the postoperative period, VAS and Colorado analgesic scores were lower for the dogs that received the higher nalbuphine dose, which only required supplemental analgesia 10 h following its administration, compared with dogs that received the lower dose. CONCLUSION: Epidural nalbuphine significantly reduces the intra-operative isoflurane requirement and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Avaliação dos precursores da apoptose neuronal em preparados citosólicos, mitocondriais e nucleares do córtex cerebral frontal e hipocampo de porcos submetidos à hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda / Evaluation of neuronal apoptosis precursors in citosolic, mitochondrial and nuclear fraction of cerebral cortex and hipocamppus in pigs after acute normovolemic hemodilution

Introdução: A anemia aguda tem sido associada com distúrbios neurofisiológicos e cognitivos em pacientes saudáveis. Evidências experimentais sugerem que a hemodiluição pode aumentar lesões cerebrais, limitando o suprimento de oxigênio ao tecido cerebral. No entanto, o mecanismo exato pelo qual as lesões cerebrais ocorrem em pacientes anêmicos ainda não está claramente definido. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os precursores da apoptose neuronal Bax, Bcl-x no córtex frontal, atividade das caspases 3 e 9 na fração citosólica do hipocampo e na fração mitocondrial do córtex frontal, assim como a fragmentação do DNA na fração nuclear e mitocondrial do córtex frontal, após hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda. Métodos: Vinte e quatro porcos foram anestesiados e randomizados em 4 grupos de 6 animais: Controle, hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda (HNA) com hematócrito alvo de 15% (Ht 15%), HNA com hematócrito alvo de 10% (Ht 10%) e hipóxia-hipóxica (HH). A HNA foi realizada com 1ml de hidroxetil amido (130/0,4) por ml de sangue retirado, até o hematócrito alvo desejado (10 ou 15%). O HH consistiu de ventilação com baixa fração expirada de O2 (FiO2), sendo de 6% por 60 minutos, servindo como grupo controle positivo. Os animais do grupo controle não sofreram nenhuma dessas intervenções. As proteínas pró-apoptótica Bax e anti-apoptótica Bcl-x foram avaliadas por Western blotting nas frações nucleares e mitocondriais do córtex frontal. A atividade das caspases 3 e 9 foi avaliada nas frações mitocondrial e citosólica do hipocampo por espectrofluorometria. A fragmentação do DNA foi avaliada por eletroforese nas frações nuclear e mitocondrial do córtex frontal. Os dados foram comparados por análise de variância (ANOVA) seguida por teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos controle, Ht 15% e Ht 10% em relação à proteína pró-apoptótica Bax nas frações nuclear e mitocondrial...

Background: Acute anemia has been associated with neurophysiologic and cognitive dysfunctions in healthy patients. Experimental evidences suggest that hemodilution may increase cerebral lesions, limiting oxygen supply to the brain tissue. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms through which cerebral lesions occur in anemic patients havent been clearly defined. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate neuronal apoptosis precursors Bax, Bcl-x in the frontal cortex, caspase 3 and 9 activity in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of the hippocampus, even as DNA fragmentation in the mitochondrial and nuclear fractions of the frontal cortex after acute normovolemic hemodilution. Methods: Twenty four pigs were anesthetized and randomized into 4 groups of 6 animals: sham, acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) to reach a hematocrit of 15% (Ht 15%), ANH to reach a hematocrit of 10% (Ht 10%) and hypoxic-hipoxia (HH). ANH was performed with 1ml hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (HES) per ml of blood withdrawn to the desired target hematocrit (10 or 15%). HH consisted of ventilation with low fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 6% for 60 minutes, serving as a positive control group. Sham animals were not involved in any of these interventions. Pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-x proteins were evaluated by Western blotting in nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of the frontal cortex and activities of caspases-3 and-9 were evaluated in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of the hippocampus by spectrofluorometry. DNA fragmentation was evaluated by electrophoresis in the mitochondrial and nuclear fraction. Data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukeys test (p<0.05). Results: No statistical significance was found among sham, Ht 15% or Ht 10% groups regarding pro-apoptotic protein Bax, in nuclear or mitochondrial fractions...

End-to-side nerve repair using fibrin glue in rats / Anastomose nervosa término-lateral usando cola de fibrina em ratos

Purpose: To evaluate axonal regeneration after end-to-side nerve repair with fibrin glue in rats. Methods: Forty-five Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group A (n=15), were not submitted to surgery (control group); group B (n=15) were submitted to fibular transection without repair; and group C (n=15), were submitted to fibular transection with end-to-side nerve anastomosis using fibrin glue, in the lateral surface of an intact tibial nerve. The three groups were submitted to walking track (30 and 90 days) and posterior morphometrical analysis (90 days). Results: The functional tests demonstrated that there was no difference in the walking track during the study in group A (p>0.05). The group B had walking pattern impairment in the two tests (p>0.05). The group C had walking pattern impairment in the first test, with important recovery in the second test (p<0.05). The morphometrical assessment revealed significantly higher number of regenerated mielinates axons in group C, compared to group B (p<0.05). Conclusion: The end-to-side nerve repair with fibrin glue shows axonal recovery, demonstrated through functional and morphometrical ways in rats.

Objetivo: Avaliar a regeneração axonal após anastomose nervosa término-lateral (ATL) usando cola de fibrina em ratos. Métodos: Quarenta e cinco ratos Wistar distribuídos em três grupos: os animais do grupo A (n=15) não foram submetidos à secção nervosa (grupo controle); os animais do grupo B (n=15) foram submetidos apenas à secção do nervo fibular, sem posterior anastomose; e os animais do grupo C (n=15) foram submetidos à secção do nervo fibular e à ATL com cola de fibrina no nervo tibial. Posteriormente, os animais foram submetidos a dois testes de marcha (30 e 90 dias) e à análise morfométrica (90 dias). Resultados: A análise estatística dos testes de marcha demonstrou que o grupo A não apresentou alteração no padrão de caminhada durante o estudo (p>0,05). O grupo B apresentou prejuízo motor no primeiro e no segundo teste (p>0,05). O grupo C apresentou um padrão de atrofia no primeiro teste, com recuperação da marcha no segundo teste (p<0,05). Na análise morfométrica, o grupo C apresentou regeneração axonal significativamente superior ao grupo B (p<0,05). Conclusão: A ATL realizada com cola de fibrina resultou em regeneração axonal no rato, demonstrada tanto histologicamente quanto funcionalmente.

End-to-side nerve repair using fibrin glue in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate axonal regeneration after end-to-side nerve repair with fibrin glue in rats. METHODS: Forty-five Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group A (n=15), were not submitted to surgery (control group); group B (n=15) were submitted to fibular transection without repair; and group C (n=15), were submitted to fibular transection with end-to-side nerve anastomosis using fibrin glue, in the lateral surface of an intact tibial nerve. The three groups were submitted to walking track (30 and 90 days) and posterior morphometrical analysis (90 days). RESULTS: The functional tests demonstrated that there was no difference in the walking track during the study in group A (p>0.05). The group B had walking pattern impairment in the two tests (p>0.05). The group C had walking pattern impairment in the first test, with important recovery in the second test (p<0.05). The morphometrical assessment revealed significantly higher number of regenerated mielinates axons in group C, compared to group B (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The end-to-side nerve repair with fibrin glue shows axonal recovery, demonstrated through functional and morphometrical ways in rats.

Use of castor oil polyurethane in an alternative technique for medial patella surgical correction in dogs.

PURPOSE: Comparative morphologic study of utilization of castor oil polymer in dogs joints, as an alternative technique to autogenous graft, in surgical correction of medial patella luxation. METHODS: Twelve adult dogs, of both sexes, were randomly allocated to two different groups of six animals each. Group I (biopolymer) consisted of the deepening of the right femoral troclea, with the implantation of the biopolymer prothesis, and compared to group II (control) which consisted of the conventional trocleoplastia technique with wedged cut of the left femoral troclea. The dogs were sacrificed after 30 or 90 days and the anathomic peaces were analyzed macro and microscopically. Chi square and Wilcoxon tests were used for the statistic analyses of the results, considering probability of 5%. RESULTS: It was not observed bony integration on the castor oil polymer group. There was resorption of the graft along experimental period and absence of inflammatory cells in the studied periods. CONCLUSION: Castor oil polymer assisted cicatrisation process, was biocompatible without inflammation, and it can be used in joints as an alternative for bony filling.

Use of castor oil polyurethane in an alternative technique for medial patella surgical correction in dogs

PURPOSE: Comparative morphologic study of utilization of castor oil polymer in dogs joints, as an alternative technique to autogenous graft, in surgical correction of medial patella luxation. METHODS:Twelve adult dogs, of both sexes, were randomly allocated to two different groups of six animals each. Group I (biopolymer) consisted of the deepening of the right femoral troclea, with the implantation of the biopolymer prothesis, and compared to group II (control) which consisted of the conventional trocleoplastia technique with wedged cut of the left femoral troclea. The dogs were sacrified after 30 or 90 days and the anathomic peaces were analyzed macro and microscopically. Qui square and Wilcoxon tests were used for the statistic analyses of the results, considering probability of 5 percent. RESULTS: It was not observed bony integration on the castor oil polymer group. There was resorption of the graft along experimental period and absence of inflammatory cells in the studied periods. CONCLUSION: Castor oil polymer assisted cicatrisation process, was biocompatible without inflammation, and it can be used in joints as an alternative for bony filling.

OBJETIVO: Estudo morfológico do implante da prótese de polímero de mamona em articulações de cães, como técnica alternativa ao enxerto ósseo autógeno na correção cirúrgica da luxação medial de patela. MÉTODOS: Doze cães adultos, de ambos os sexos, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 6 animais. No grupo I (poliuretano) foi feito o aprofundamento da tróclea femoral direita com prótese de polímero de mamona, que foi comparado com o grupo II (controle) sendo feita a trocleoplastia por ressecção em cunha da tróclea femoral esquerda. Os animais foram sacrificados após 30 e 90 dias e as peças anatômicas foram avaliadas macro e microscopicamente. O teste do quiquadrado e o teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon foram utilizados para a análise estatística dos resultados. Fixou-se em 5 por cento, o nível de rejeição da hipótese de nulidade. RESULTADOS: Não foi observada interação óssea (osteointegração) no grupo polímero de mamona. Houve reabsorção do enxerto ao longo do período experimental e ausência de células inflamatórias nos períodos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: O polímero de mamona auxiliou no processo cicatricial, foi biocompatível sem presença de inflamação, podendo ser usado em articulações como uma alternativa para o preenchimento ósseo.